Optometry Mails

Click here to download January 2023 Optometry Mails Edition  

  By Joshua Enyoyo Yusuf Low vision is prominent among geriatrics that are frequently relatively immobile so that the retention of some ability to read is of vital importance. Low vision aids improve the reading capability and speed of reading. Visual aids for distance are less practical than those for near. Accurate refraction and appropriate illumination should be ensured for optimal retinal image. Magnification is the basis of most techniques used in low vision clinic. There are three methods of enlarging the retinal image :-  By bringing the object nearer to the eye.  By magnification of the retinal image. By increasing the size of the object to be viewed.  Bringing the object nearer to the eye, leads to larger visual angle being subtended at the eye.  Magnification, though increases the size of retinal image, leads to diminished visual field and reduced depth of focus. Due to this, lighting should be ample and directed on the fixation area. Therefore, lowest magnification compatib

Ayomikun Dahunsi (OD)   To magnify means to increase, to enlarge, to enhance, to expand and a lot more. In the context of low vision, Magnification means to increase the retinal image size. This makes seeing an object easier for people with visual impairment. There are several ways of magnification for patients with low vision; ●      Relative Size Magnification ●      Relative Distance Magnification ●      Angular Magnification   RELATIVE SIZE MAGNIFICATION In this case, the object is made twice the size thereby making the image on the retina twice as large hence creates X2 magnification. For example, large prints book or television with large screen size. This type of magnification because of the physical limitations of how large you can make an object such as book look like, it is often limited to about X2.5             M = New Object Size                   Old Object Size   RELATIVE DISTANCE MAGNIFICATION In this type of magnification, we reduce the di

  BY Mj Omeiza Ishaq  Let it seem paradoxical, but visual impairment and the need for its rehabilitation are becoming more important because of the improvement in health care and general well-being delivery service. In reality of the world today, longevity is increasing. Optometrists, Ophthalmologist, low vision specialists and other healthcare practitioners are taking a higher strength in looking at the molecular and genetic factors associated with the causes of low vision. Basically, conditions mostly associated with low vision are age-related macular degeneration(ARMD), retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, in operative cataract, amblyopia, acquired traumatic brain injury, retinopathy of prematurity, retinal detachment, Albinism etc.  In this article we will be discussing few conditions associated with low vision   Age related Macular Degeneration

  Reported by Sunkanmi Arogbokun

  Sadiq Omeiza Tijani  ADLER’S PHYSIOLOGY OF THE EYES 11TH EDITION – LEONARD A LEVIN  This book offers an in depth knowledge on function and function/structure relationships with ocular cells, tissues and organ as well as physiology of the eye in entirety. This resource is ideal for students and eye healthcare providers.  COMPREHENSIVE OPHTHALMOLOGY – AK KHURANA; ARUJ K KHURANA; BHAWNA KHURANA  This book is organized into a layout of six sections; section I deals with anatomy and physiology of the eye in entirety. Section II deals optics and refraction. This section is devoted to physiological optics as well as errors of refraction and accommodation in depth. Other sections of this book cover diseases of eye, ocular pharmacology among others.  PRIMARY EYE CARE OPTOMETRY – THEODORE P. GROSVENOR This book is an ideal resource for eye healthcare providers ranging from students, opticians, optometrists and ophthalmologists. It provides comprehensive coverage of the diagnosis and management

  B Y    A G U N L O Y E     F E M I   O D . Low vision can be defined as a bilateral decrement to visual acuity or visual field resulting from a disruption of the visual system. This decreased acuity or field results in an impaired ability to perform work, leisure, or daily living activities. Low vision rehabilitation is like physical therapy for someone who has lost a limb. Its purpose is to develop strategies to maximize or substitute for diminished sight in order to maintain independence and a sense of self-worth. This rebuilding and reinforcement of the visual foundation is accomplished through identification of goals, introduction to assistive devices, and training.  Rehabilitation is not just an introduction to low vision devices. Actually, that may not occur until some time into the program, after the patient has gone through evaluation and training. Only then can appropriate recommendations for low vision devices be made. Various forms of low vision therapy can increase the pa

  Dahunsi Ayomikun Nifemi OD So many Nigerian students nowadays dream of making money of their own instead of depending on their parents. However, they are convinced that a lot of obstacles stand in their way. Have you ever wondered, "What business can I do in Nigeria?" Here are some ideas to get you started. You may be wondering, "What kind of business can I do? " First, you need to identify the type of business you are interested in, how marketable it is, and how convenient it is for you to handle. As a student, it will be more convenient and flexible if you involve yourself with a business that does not require you to work full time. By doing so, you will be able to leave some time for your studies. The mentioned vocations are the best business ideas in Nigeria that can help you earn extra income if you are still a student. We believe that you will find them useful and start making good profits quite soon. Freelance writing Graphic design Recharge card business 

Joshua Enyoyo Y   With rapid evolution in modern medicine, gene therapy in one among several others that is gradually influencing medical practice. Gene therapy for colour blindness is an experimental gene therapy aiming to convert congenitally colourblinf individuals to trichromats by introducing a photopigment gene that they lack. Though partial colour blindness is considered only a mild disability, it is a condition that affects many people, particularly males. Complete colour blindness, achromatopsia, is a very rare but severe. While never demonstrated in humans, animal studies have shown that it is possible to confer colour vision by injecting a gene of the missing photopigment using gene therapy. As of 2018 there is no medical entity offering this treatment, and no clinical trials available for volunteers.   THEORY Experiments using a variety of mammals (including primates) demonstrated that it is possible to confer color vision to animals by introducing an opsin gene t

  Mj Omeiza Ishaq During a clinical posting in the accident and emergency unit in our teaching hospital as a student, a man was rushed to our A&E unit presenting with inability to raise his left arm or hold anything with it. It is said to have occurred overnight. After a series of clinical investigations, we recorded that the patient had a sleeping hangover which led to the compression of his radial nerve in the arm. Our unit consultant explained that in most cases it occurs as a result of intoxication from alcohol with a sleeping hangover which is presented and termed as Saturday night Palsy.   The clinical phrase saturday night paralysis always rings a surprise bell to our ears as students or practitioners and the neurological problem is a global health challenge that needs attention though very rare and could be self limiting.  It is reported that this paralysis affects 2.97 per 100,000 men and 1.42 per 100,000 women and It is the fourth most common mononeuropathy in the Uni

  Joshua Badejo Colour Blindness, also known as colour deficiency is when a person cannot see colours as most other people would be able to. A person can be completely colour blind, a condition known as "achromatopsia", a rare, bilateral inherited retinal degeneration affecting all three types of cone photoreceptor cells that results in reduced visual acuity, photophobia, hemeralopia, and severe loss of colour discrimination. MANAGEMENT

  FEMI AGUNLOYE Congenital color vision deficiencies are inherited conditions that is present at birth and usually affect both eyes equally unlike acquired colour vision deficiency. It is one of the commonest inherited disorders of vision: its prevalence may be as high as 8% in males and 0.5% in females. The most common form of inherited color deficiency is the red–green deficiency, which is passed onto offspring via the X chromosome. For males to have the disorder, a faulty gene for red–green vision only needs to be present on his one X chromosome, whereas in females it needs to be present on both. Therefore, this type of colour vision deficiency is significantly more common among men than women. The blue–yellow vision deficiency is passed on through a non-sex chromosome and is equally common among men and women. Congenital colour vision deficiency results from genetic mutations that affect the expression of the full complement of normal cone photoreceptors. They are generally classif

  BY SADIQ OMEIZA TI JANI Most cases of color blindness are congenital but some are occasionally acquired secondary to certain eye diseases like optic nerve disease such as glaucoma. However, there are certain drugs used in treating other conditions of the body that complicate ocular function leading to color blindness. These conditions include; autoimmune diseases, heart problems, high blood pressure, erectile dysfunction, infections, nervous disorders and some psychological problems. Notable drugs for these conditions that impair color vision include; sildenafil citrate (Viagra), digoxin (Lanoxin), amiodarone (Cordarone), hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil), ethambutol (Myambutol), Tamoxifen, metronidazole and some anti-malaria drugs. It is advisable to consult your eye doctor and have your eye properly checked when any of the above drugs is prescribed to you for proper precaution and safety. REFERENCES Bernadette H., (2018). Medications that affect color vision. https://healthfully.com/m

  ANDY ASARE ANTWI Colour vision, an integral part of visual perception and the visual system, is the ability to discriminate between different wavelengths of light regardless of the intensity of light. The faculty of being able to appreciate colour is absolutely necessary for our daily activities. Individuals who lack this faculty, either partially or completely, experience a wide range of difficulty. The colours most commonly associated with nature, including the beautiful blue colour of the ocean, and the glowing and captivating colourful horizon during sunrise and twilight, give immense pleasure to our eyes.  Colour vision is possible due to the cone photoreceptors of the retina. These cones have light-sensitive pigments useful in colour perception and are more concentrated in the macula of the retina. For a developed, healthy and functioning human retina, there is trichromatic colour vision due to the three kinds of cone photoreceptors namely: short-wavelength cones, medium-wavele

  Ebisike Philips Ifeanyichukwu ( OD, MSc (Pharm), FAAO ).     Introduction Mooren ulcer (MU) is characterized by painful peripheral corneal ulceration of unknown etiology. The disease generally begins with intense limbal inflammation and swelling in the episcleral and conjunctiva 1 . Mooren ulcer is a painful, relentless, chronic ulcerative keratitis that begins peripherally and progresses circumferentially and centrally. It was named by Mooren who first clearly described this insidious corneal problem and defined it as a clinical entity 2 . Corneal changes begin within 2-3 mm from the limbus, first appearing as grey swellings that rapidly furrow, affecting the superficial one-third of the cornea and then proceeding circumferentially and centrally over 4-12 months 1,3 . The bed of the furrow becomes vascularized, with vessels advancing into the base of the undermined edges of the ulcers 1 . These ulcers are often described as crescent-shaped and can leave behind an opaque